Organisms and Populations/ Functions of Plants and Animals Lab #10 - Physiology of the Circulatory SystemWhat is the effect of heart rate and blood pressure on relative cardiac fitness? How does temperature affect heart rate in ectothermic animals?
Summary: During physical exertion, the cardiac rate increases. This increase can be measured as an increase in pulse rate. A person who is in poor physical condition, reaches his or her maximum cardiac rate at a lower work level than a person of comparable age who is in better shape. Individuals who are in good physical condition can deliver more oxygen to their muscles before reaching max cardiac rate than those in poor condition.
Vocabulary words and definitions Sphygmomanometer: A device used to measure arterial blood pressure. Pulse Rate: Heart beats per minute. Systolic pressure: Maximum arterial pressure occuring during contraction of the left ventricle. Diastolic pressure: Arterial pressure during the interval between heartbeats. Model Organism: the organism chosen for study Cell Differentiation: the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function Morphogenesis: "creation of form", a physical process that give an organism its shape Apical Meristems: the structures responsible for a plant's continual growth and formation of new organs, they are perpetually embryonic regions in the tips of shoots and roots Totipotent: a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organism Cloning: using one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual Clone: each new individual made from cloning Pluripotent: adult stem cells that are able to give rise to multiple but not all cell types Determination: to refer to the events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell Cytoplasmic Determinants: maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development Induction: the signal molecules cause changes in nearly target cells Pattern Formation: the development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places Positional Information: molecular cues that control pattern formation, they are provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals Anatomy: The sciencedealing with the structure of animals and plants. Physiology: The branch ofbiology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes. Tissues: An aggregate of similarcells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellularorganism. Epithelial tissue:membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body Simple Epithelial: Straified epithelium: Cuboibal: Columar: Squanmous: Fibroblasts:a cell that contributes to theformation of connective tissuefibers. Macrophages: a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in thebloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis. Adipose Tissue:loose connective tissue in which fat cells accumulate. Tendons: A cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone or part; sinew. Ligaments:a band of tissue, usually white and fibrous, serving to connect bones, hold organs in place, etc. Cartilage: A firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue of a translucentwhitish or yellowish color;gristle. Bone:the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed of a collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals. Osteoblasts:a bone-forming cell. Neuron:a specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is thefunctional unit of thenervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites. Skeletal Muscle: striated muscle that is usually attached to theskeleton and is usually under voluntary control. Striated Muscle:a type of contractile tissue that is marked by transverse striations; it is concerned with movingskeletal parts to which it is usually attached. Cardial Muscle: Smooth Muscle:involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of viscera and blood vessels, consisting of nonstriated, spindle-shaped cells. Mesenteries:the membrane, consisting of a double layer of peritoneum, that invests the intestines, attaching them to the posterior wall of the abdomen, maintaining them in position in the abdominal cavity, and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, especially the part of this membrane investing the jejunum and ileum. Thoracic Cavity:the division of the body cavity that lies above the diaphragm, is bounded peripherally by the wall of the chest, and contains the heart and lungs. Abdominal Cavity: Interstitial fluid:The fluid in spaces between the tissue cells Homeostasis:The tendency of a system, especially thephysiological system of higheranimals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function. Negative/Positive Feedback:a self-regulatory biological system, as in the synthesis of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively. Metabolic Rate:rate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a giveperiod Endothermic:Warm-Blooded animal Ectothermic: a cold-blooded animal Bosal metabloic rate: Essential Nutrients: Vitamins:any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism, found in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced synthetically: deficiencies of vitamins produce specific disorders. Minerals:any of the inorganic elements, as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, or sodium, that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods. Herbivores:an animal that feeds on grass and other plants Carnivores: an animal that eats flesh. Omnivores:An organism that eats both plants and animals Suspension-Feeders: Ingestion:to take, as food, into the body Digestion: The process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption andassimilation into the body. Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Absorption:to suck up or drinkin Elimination:the actofeliminating Gastrovascular cavities: Alimentary Canals:a tubular passage functioning in the digestion and absorption of foodand the elimination of food residue, beginning at the mouth and terminating at the anus. Peristalsis: The progressive wave of contraction and relaxation of a tubular muscular system, especiallythealimentary canal, by which the contents are forced through the system.
a circular band of voluntary or involuntary muscle that encircles an orifice ofthe body or one of its hollow organs.
Salivary Glands: any of several glands, as the submaxillary glands, that secrete saliva. People and their experiments
Lab #10 - Physiology of the Circulatory SystemWhat is the effect of heart rate and blood pressure on relative cardiac fitness? How does temperature affect heart rate in ectothermic animals?
Summary: During physical exertion, the cardiac rate increases. This increase can be measured as an increase in pulse rate. A person who is in poor physical condition, reaches his or her maximum cardiac rate at a lower work level than a person of comparable age who is in better shape. Individuals who are in good physical condition can deliver more oxygen to their muscles before reaching max cardiac rate than those in poor condition.
Vocabulary words and definitions
Sphygmomanometer: A device used to measure arterial blood pressure.
Pulse Rate: Heart beats per minute.
Systolic pressure: Maximum arterial pressure occuring during contraction of the left ventricle.
Diastolic pressure: Arterial pressure during the interval between heartbeats.
Model Organism: the organism chosen for study
Cell Differentiation: the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function
Morphogenesis: "creation of form", a physical process that give an organism its shape
Apical Meristems: the structures responsible for a plant's continual growth and formation of new organs, they are perpetually embryonic regions in the tips of shoots and roots
Totipotent: a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organism
Cloning: using one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual
Clone: each new individual made from cloning
Pluripotent: adult stem cells that are able to give rise to multiple but not all cell types
Determination: to refer to the events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell
Cytoplasmic Determinants: maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development
Induction: the signal molecules cause changes in nearly target cells
Pattern Formation: the development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places
Positional Information: molecular cues that control pattern formation, they are provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals
Anatomy: The science dealing with the structure of animals and plants.
Physiology: The branch ofbiology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes.
Tissues: An aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism.
Epithelial tissue: membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
Simple Epithelial:
Straified epithelium:
Cuboibal:
Columar:
Squanmous:
Fibroblasts:a cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue fibers.
Macrophages: a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in the bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis.
Adipose Tissue: loose connective tissue in which fat cells accumulate.
Tendons: A cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone or part; sinew.
Ligaments: a band of tissue, usually white and fibrous, serving to connect bones, hold organs in place, etc.
Cartilage: A firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue of a translucent whitish or yellowish color; gristle.
Bone: the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed of a collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals.
Osteoblasts: a bone-forming cell.
Neuron: a specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites.
Skeletal Muscle: striated muscle that is usually attached to the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control.
Striated Muscle: a type of contractile tissue that is marked by transverse striations; it is concerned with moving skeletal parts to which it is usually attached.
Cardial Muscle:
Smooth Muscle: involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of viscera and blood vessels, consisting of nonstriated, spindle-shaped cells.
Mesenteries: the membrane, consisting of a double layer of peritoneum, that invests the intestines, attaching them to the posterior wall of the abdomen, maintaining them in position in the abdominal cavity, and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, especially the part of this membrane investing the jejunum and ileum.
Thoracic Cavity: the division of the body cavity that lies above the diaphragm, is bounded peripherally by the wall of the chest, and contains the heart and lungs.
Abdominal Cavity:
Interstitial fluid: The fluid in spaces between the tissue cells
Homeostasis: The tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function.
Negative/Positive Feedback: a self-regulatory biological system, as in the synthesis of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively.
Metabolic Rate: rate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a give period
Endothermic: Warm-Blooded animal
Ectothermic: a cold-blooded animal
Bosal metabloic rate:
Essential Nutrients:
Vitamins: any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism, found in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced synthetically: deficiencies of vitamins produce specific disorders.
Minerals: any of the inorganic elements, as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, or sodium, that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods.
Herbivores: an animal that feeds on grass and other plants
Carnivores: an animal that eats flesh.
Omnivores: An organism that eats both plants and animals
Suspension-Feeders:
Ingestion: to take, as food, into the body
Digestion: The process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis:
Absorption: to suck up or drink in
Elimination: the act of eliminating
Gastrovascular cavities:
Alimentary Canals: a tubular passage functioning in the digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of food residue, beginning at the mouth and terminating at the anus.
Peristalsis: The progressive wave of contraction and relaxation of a tubular muscular system, especially the alimentary canal, by which the contents are forced through the system.
a circular band of voluntary or involuntary muscle that encircles an orifice of the body or one of its hollow organs.
Salivary Glands: any of several glands, as the submaxillary glands, that secrete saliva.
People and their experiments